Warfare and innate human aggression

Warfare is a common characteristic of all primate societies and its main feature is violence or conflict. The objective is usually to achieve a psychological or material domination over the enemy because one group perceives that the opponent is more dominant and two groups are unable to agree to equality as way to solve their differences. There are many motivating factors that lead to war including resources, power, sociological and psychological elements. The point of focus here is the psychological elements.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Warfare and innate human aggression specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Psychologists have argued that human beings are inherently violent, this is to mean that they are naturally aggressive thus the reason for them engaging in wars.Psychologists like E.F.M. Durban and John Bowlby believe that aggressiveness is caused by anger hatred, and bias against other nations, rel igions, ideologies, races and other attributes that make the human race different. Sigmund Freud a person considered as father of psychology argues that there is a reservoir of aggressive energy in humans naturally and spontaneously and that this energy must be occasionally released trough sports to prevent it from causing violence. However others believe this is just a theory and that human aggressiveness is more of a characteristic acquired through nurture not nature, making the question† Are Humans Innately Aggressive?† or is it just a fallacy and hence the need to critically examine the reality. The first step would to examine the controversy of nature or nurture as mentioned above. This has to do with the extent to which human behavior is instinctive or affected by environmental factors such as culture, role of parents and peers. The question of nurture and nature as been there since the Darwinian era with the argument taking three sides: some say that culture is to blame; others argue it is instinct and thirdly some argue it is genetic. â€Å"Aggression is an action with the intent to create harm; however, violence refers to an action with extreme harm as the main goal of the action Culture is also the entirety of the instinctual forces of humans channeled into institutions that allow for good and bad behavior, where those who follow the guidelines are good and the violators are bad (Fornari, 261). Culture can therefore not be completely separated from instincts or human desires but can only be used to help humans fit to the specific society that a person is living in and hence the two elements should be handled together.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Different cultures have diverse values that they believe in and are instilled in the people for guidance. Some cultures encourage violence and even reward those that are very violent and are considered as pride of the community. Most of these communities are found in Africa and the Asian nations. Other cultures are calm, gentle encourage peace and even punish those that engage in violence. Human beings unlike other animals are biologically created to enable; rational thinking, consideration, creativity and culture and hence it is this factor that should enable them to cooperate and to coexist. Again because of this factor, humans choose what they want and who they want to be, there is no such thing as nature it all depends on the values and norms that we hold on to. Furthermore some scientist have argued not all human beings have instincts, which are; innate predispositions such as desire to eat and reproduce, thus the argument if indeed there is one for aggression. However all humans have some degree of aggression for protection and feeding, what maters is how far is an individual wiling to be aggressive and that depends on the values that have been instilled i n the individual by culture (Fornari, 265). Genetically testosterone has been believed to be the cause of aggression, however it is just a source and there has to an external factor that influences aggressiveness.Serotin is another hormone that is believed to cause aggression, for it is responsible for antisocial behaviors in human if it is low in the body but similar to testosterone it can not be solely blamed for aggression but is used by people as a scapegoat. Most of the proponents of this idea of innate aggression have received criticisms such as: their studies are based on animal experiments ignoring the major differences that there between animals and humans, secondly many types of animal aggression are not similar to human aggressions, humans are complex and have ability to reason rationally unlike animals, and finally there is little biological evidence that supports this theory. Having looked at innate human aggression it’s evident that it not a cause of warfare and it is found it is all societies People who believe otherwise are also unlikely to support peace movements but instead support wars.( Fisk and Schellenberg)explains that† we do have a choice with respect to aggression and war. To an extent, such destructiveness is due precisely to the mistaken assumption that we are helpless to control an essentially violent nature’. The major causes of war as mentioned earlier are ;power, one of the major cause of wars in the world’s history ,leaders such as Hitler led to the deaths of many due to wars that they initiated due to their personals ambitions of achieving absolute power, resources the other major element that has been a major force that led to war over the centuries all in pursuit for more territory and wealth, sociological wars are other kinds of wars that have featured in the world and ere caused by social political and economic factors for example the world wars, religious wars also very common especially with the Muslims and Jews ,some are about leadership ,worshipping places like temples and also ideologies supported by a particular religion.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Warfare and innate human aggression specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are factors that have characterized modern wars such as; Marxists theories wars are as a result of free market and the class systems that have led to competition for resources and markets, the theories argue that these wars would only end only if the two classes would disappear but it would take a revolution for that to happen. The other type of modern wars is sanctioned by the UN so as to foster peace in a nation that is experiencing crisis for example the gulf wars and Korean Wars. Most wars come to an end and people often result to, rational reasoning to solve their differences which involves negotiation, mediation, arbitration, arbitration and implementation of t he agreements. This shows that there are better ways of conflict resolution instead of wars. Conclusion Humans being a product of their societies and cultures, their actions and decisions are solely dependent on the environment in which they live and not human instincts. Human aggression is universal but wars are not, since there are so many peaceful nations where people are civilized and reason beyond their personal instincts. Some societies too have been involved in wars in past ,for example Sweden, but it has transformed from a society characterized by wars to a calm and industrialized nation and this can only be explained in terms of social and political factors and not humans instincts because people still exist there and they are not fighting. The role of the environment is so vital that the innate behavior theory seen to be out of place because other human needs like sex have been controlled through celibacy, while people survive hunger when they fast voluntarily. It could be considered as saying; it is the nature of buildings to burn because there is oxygen in our planet. Many fallacies have been created such as ‘we are born to be killers, we have an excuse to act like killers† and people have been made to believe in them by there creators who are often our rulers and law makers. If human beings are aggressive in nature and war cannot be avoided we then need very powerful leaders, governments, strong armies and security forces, and a lot of guidance from the church to save us from ourselves. To understand aggression psychologists need to find out the how human beings are able to stay in one group and peacefully coexist but yet attack other groups just because they don’t belong to the same group although they are still humans.This is evidence that wars are beyond instincts and nature but more of nurture, and that aggression is learned or acquired.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Works Cited Fisk and Schellenberg. Patterns of Conflict, Paths to Peace. Peterborough,ON: Broadview Press, 2000. Print. Fornari, Franco. The Psychoanalysis of War. NewYork: Doubleday: Anchor Press, 1974. Print. This research paper on Warfare and innate human aggression was written and submitted by user Gloria F. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Gone Away essays

Gone Away essays There seem to be countless stories, poems, music pieces, and videos about the meaning of life or death. One that came to my mind pretty quickly, was Gone Away, by the Offspring. I think this one probably came before all the others because I had heard it on the radio a couple days before the assignment. When I heard it, I thought about the words in it. The message is clear and simple as well. I like the music group the Offspring because they have had many good songs out in the past few years while I have been growing up. The message of the song Gone Away, is that people on earth suffer when they lose a loved one. The singers say, Maybe in another life, I could find you there. Pulled away before your time, I can't deal it's so unfair. The person is really suffering and knows they are going to miss the lost loved one. They are hoping that they can see them in another life. They lost them before they were actually expecting to lose them. Also, the world is changed for the person that lost the loved one. And it feels, and it feels like heaven's so far away. And it feels, Yeah it feels like the world has grown cold, now that you've gone away. This talks about how the world has changed because they miss the person gone. It seems to them that they are so far away. The final verse is very emotional. Leaving flowers on your grave, show that I still care. But black roses and Hail Mary's, can't bring back what's taken from me. I reach to the sky, and call out your name. And if I could trade, I would. This means although the person lost the close person in their life early, they are still going to show that they really do care. It is difficult for this person to move on. They feel like the person has been taken from them. ...

A History of the Eiffel Tower

A History of the Eiffel Tower The Eiffel Tower is the most visually famous structure in France, perhaps in Europe, and has seen over 200 million visitors. Yet it wasn’t supposed to be permanent and the fact it still stands is down to a willingness to accept new technology which was how the thing came to be built in the first place. Origins of the Eiffel Tower In 1889 France held the Universal Exhibition, a celebration of modern achievement timed to coincide with the first centenary of the French Revolution. The French government held a competition to design an â€Å"iron tower† to be erected at the entrance to the exhibition on the Champ-de-Mars, partly to create an impressive experience for visitors. One hundred and seven plans were submitted, and the winner was one by engineer and entrepreneur Gustav Eiffel, aided by architect Stephen Sauvestre and engineers Maurice Koechlin and Emile Nouguier. They won because they were willing to innovate and create a true statement of intent for France. The Eiffel Tower Eiffel’s tower was to be unlike anything yet built: 300 meters tall, at that time the highest man-made structure on earth, and built of a latticework of wrought iron, a material whose large scale production is now synonymous with the industrial revolution. But the design and nature of the material, making use of metal arches and trusses, meant the tower could be light and â€Å"see-through†, rather than a solid block, and retain still its strength. Its construction, which began on January 26th 1887, was swift, relatively cheap and achieved with a small workforce. There were 18,038 pieces and over two million rivets. The Tower is based on four large pillars, which form a square 125 meters along each side, before rising up and joining into a central tower. The curving nature of the pillars meant the elevators, which were themselves a relatively recent invention, had to be carefully designed. There are viewing platforms at several levels, and people can travel to the top. Parts of the great curves are actually purely aesthetic. The structure is painted (and re-painted regularly). Opposition and Skepticism The Tower is now considered a historical milestone in design and construction, a masterpiece for its day, the start of a new revolution in building. At the time, however, there was opposition, not least from people horrified at the aesthetic implications of such a large structure on the Champ-de-Mars. On February 14th 1887, while construction was ongoing, a statement of complaint was issued by â€Å"personalities from the world of arts and letters†. Other people were skeptical that the project would work: this was a new approach, and that always brings problems. Eiffel had to fight his corner but was successful and the tower went ahead. Everything would rest on whether the structure actually worked... The Opening of the Eiffel Tower On March 31st, 1889 Eiffel climbed to the top of the tower and hoisted a French flag at the top, opening the structure; various notables followed him up. It remained the highest building in the world until the Chrysler building was finished in New York in 1929, and is still the tallest structure in Paris. The building and planning was a success, with the tower impressing. Lasting Impact The Eiffel Tower was originally designed to stand for twenty years but has lasted over a century, thanks partly to Eiffel’s willingness to use the tower in experiments and innovations in wireless telegraphy, allowing the mounting of antennas. Indeed, the Tower was at one point due to be torn down but remained after it began broadcasting signals. In 2005 this tradition was continued when Paris’ first digital television signals were broadcast from the Tower. However, since its construction the Tower has achieved a lasting cultural impact, first as a symbol of modernity and innovation, then as of Paris and France. Media of all sorts has used the Tower. Its almost inconceivable that anyone would try to knock down the tower now, as its one of the most famous structures in the world and an easy marker for films and television to use.

Comment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Comment - Essay Example However, the social contract theory as defined should not include it being a set of rules because the parties in the contract only follow it because the others are following it. Unlike in a set of rules, where one party breaks the contract, the other party will also do the same. If a government does not protect the rights of its citizens despite giving up some of their rights in order for the government to govern, the citizens may revolt. The resource follows a logical sequence of thought with the prisoner’s dilemma being linked to the social contract theory. While you state that the prisoner’s dilemma is the best solution for the citizens and the government, it would have helped if you had given an example of how it could do this. As the paper stands, the example given is too general, and it is not clear to whom the prisoner’s dilemma is a difficult situation to be in. The prisoner’s dilemma, I surmise from your following argument, is difficult for the prisoners because it is in each prisoner’s best interest to say what he/she knows, even though it might be the best outcome they would wish for (Fieser 137). Finally, I am in agreement with your conclusion that cooperation is the best way to come up with societal

Elements of Discipline plan in Elementary school Assignment

Elements of Discipline plan in Elementary school - Assignment Example Appendix B: Initial Participant Letter Appendix C: Participant Informed Consent Form Appendix D: Teacher Interview Questions Chapter 1 Overview This assignment reflects on the history of American elementary schools and struggle towards the control of improving educational standards public schools in United States of America. There are some historical issues that have been discussed in this analytical report, along with some important writers who worked very hard to introduce better standards of education in American schools, colleges and universities. It also provide with the literature review of great historical leaders who contributed a great deal towards improving standards of elementary education in America with a history of discipline in elementary schools. It also sheds light on the most effective method of discipline. Introduction Elementary schools have been existed worldwide as the foundation of formal educational system. It establishes the base for future education. It prepares students in fundamental skills and awareness and can be defined as prior to formal education that comes after that. It is an institution where children receive the first stage of compulsory education known as elementary or primary education. In America, elementary school education starts from six to twelve years and at some institutes thirteen to fourteen as well depending on particular state of school patterns. Elementary school covers the reading, writing, introduction to social and natural sciences, arts and crafts and physical education. Most important responsibility of elementary school is getting affiliated with peers and creating an identification of children with society and nation. For decades, classroom management has... Elementary schools have been existed worldwide as the foundation of formal educational system. It establishes the base for future education. It prepares students in fundamental skills and awareness and can be defined as prior to formal education that comes after that. It is an institution where children receive the first stage of compulsory education known as elementary or primary education. In America, elementary school education starts from six to twelve years and at some institutes thirteen to fourteen as well depending on particular state of school patterns. Elementary school covers the reading, writing, introduction to social and natural sciences, arts and crafts and physical education. Most important responsibility of elementary school is getting affiliated with peers and creating an identification of children with society and nation. For decades, classroom management has been an issue and many effective teaching lessons have gone array due to student disruption. This critical review of the literature analyzes the elements that can be identified in a successful and effective classroom discipline plan. During science, social studies, and writing time, in my first year of teaching, it has been noticed many students getting off task.

The Process of Selection in Course Development Essay Example for Free

The Process of Selection in Course Development Essay Course development starts with the proper selection of course, resources, and strategy.   In selecting the course, certain factors have to be considered, such as the level of knowledge, the level of skill, and the level of confidence that the course requires. Expertise is one of the most significant factors in selecting the course because teaching requires that the instructor or teacher should have a solid background and knowledge regarding the subject.   Along with the selection of the course comes the selection of the basic topics or ideas that have to be discussed.    The organization or flow of the course would have to depend on these, so it has to be consistent with the subject, the level of teaching, and the philosophy or beliefs that the instructor wishes to evoke.   The basic theme or approach of study should also be selected. Next to selecting the course and the philosophy would be the resources from which the content of the course would have to depend on.   This includes the materials, the devices, and the people, which can influence the execution of the course ideas and philosophy.   Team teachers, librarians, community members, as well as computer support personnel are all included in the people resources.   It is in this stage as well that the tenets of discipline are being considered, as based on the philosophy and resources that are being made available. Lastly, when it comes to the strategy, the first thing to plan would be the basic objective that should come in line with the theme, tenets of discipline, and philosophy that are being selected.   Selecting objectives for the curriculum includes the learning theories and philosophies that would fulfill the execution of the strategy. It is important, too, that all these are related to the learning needs and characteristics (e.g., cognitive, cultural, social) of the learners.   Their skills and familiarity count a lot when developing the strategy, and by going over these, the instructor should have a basic framework on the best strategy that should fulfill the learning process, as indicated by the overall context.   Since learning should be a continuous process, the learners’ experience, motivation, and diversity should not be ignored. Reference Neal, I.P. (1998, September). Teaching centers, instructional technology, and course development.   Retrieved June 26, 2008, from the Technology Source Archives database: http://technologysource.org/article/teaching_centers_instructional_technology_and_course_development/.

Bop Music in the 1950s Essay -- Music

The Bop Beat The bebop revolution coincided with the birth of the Beat Generation. In a slightly unbalanced relationship, Beat writers often molded their poetics and style after the playing of such jazz music. "Jazz writers," such as Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg, upheld their poetic ideals to the techniques of jazz musicians, such as rhythm, improvisation, and call and response. The structure of creative writing underwent a change, as the importance of form equaled that of theme. Swing, the predecessor of bop, was big, sweet, and hot. The performers were big bands, fronted by a charismatic bandleader, yet the success of a piece depended mostly on the unity of the ensemble as a whole, rather than on the showcasing of prodigious individuals. The requisite instrument was the saxophone, which was often smooth and mellifluous. Songs were old favorites, or simple jazz standards, that had been arranged to suit a large ensemble. Swing bands played in large venues, such as ballrooms, and to large audiences, who seized the opportunity to not just tap their toes, but to "jump, jive, and wail." The swing era became the most popular form of jazz, as it catered to audiences as a form of social and interactive entertainment. So, bop can be seen as a reaction to the eventual sterilization and ubiquity of swing music. The first bop records were made by in 1944 by Coleman Hawkins experimenting with his swing band. Several individuals were instrumental in the propagation of this new form, such as Charlie "Bird" Parker (alto sax), Dizzy Gillespie (trumpet), Thelonious Monk (piano), Bud Powell (piano), Miles Davis (trumpet), and Charles Mingus (bass). The standard ensemble became a quintet, consisting of piano, bass, drums, reed instrument... ...ndiana University Press, 1991. Ginsberg, Allen. Howl and other poems. San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1997. _____________. Composed on the Tongue. Bolinas, Cal: Grey Fox Press, 1980. Jones, Morley. Jazz. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1980. Kerouac, Jack. Book of Blues. New York: Penguin Books, 1995. ___________. On the Road. New York: Penguin Books, 1975. ___________. "The Essentials of Spontaneous Prose." Casebook on the Beat. Thomas Parkinson, ed. New York: Thomas Y. Cromwell Company, 1961. 65-67. Podhoretz, Norman. "The Know-Nothing Bohemians." Casebook on the Beat. Thomas Parkinson, ed. New York: Thomas Y. Cromwell Company, 1961. 204. Tallman, Warren. "Kerouac's Sound." Casebook on the Beat. Thomas Parkinson, ed. New York: Thomas Y. Cromwell Company, 1961. 220-221. Waters, Kristen. "Pandering to Publishers." Sequel. Vol. 10 (1998): 61.