Recent Organisational Changes in the Virgin Group

Ongoing Organizational Changes in the Virgin Group These assignments talk about the authoritative changes that the Virgin Group has been during the most recent couple of years, and how they are adjusting to the adjustments in the working condition. This will be with regards to the representatives view of the changes, and how the Virgin Group can bring down their protection from change. This is a characteristic inclination from workers, when confronted with vulnerability, and this should be overseen. The task centers around the Virgin Group carrier activity, Virgin Atlantic. Virgin Atlantic Airways was established in 1984, and it is the UKs second biggest bearer. The organization is based at Gatwick, Heathrow and Manchester air terminal; Virgin Atlantic works long stretch administrations to more than thirty goals all inclusive. The association has been perceived through honors from top business, shopper and exchange (www.virgin.com). 2.0 THEORECTICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Meaning of Change the board Change the executives is anything but a far off control with unbending and unmistakably characterized limits. Or maybe, the hypothesis and practice of progress the board draws on various sociology orders and conventions. Three ways of thinking structure the focal board on which change the executives hypothesis stands. This incorporates: The Individual point of view school: This school is part into Behaviorist and Gestalt-Field hypothesis. The Gestalt-Field scholars accepted that conduct isn't only a result of outer improvements; rather it emerges from how the individual uses motivations to decipher the upgrades. The behaviorists, then again try to accomplish authoritative change exclusively by adjusting the outside upgrades following up on the person. The Group Dynamics school: This started from crafted by Kurt Lewin. As indicated by Lewin (1974) individuals in associations work in gatherings, and individual conduct must be seen, altered or change in the light of gatherings winning practices and standards. Consequently the focal point of progress must be at the gathering level and should focus on affecting and changing the gatherings standards, jobs and qualities (Cummings and Huse, 1989). The Open Systems school: The school is worried about understanding associations in their completely. It endeavors to take an all encompassing instead of a particularistic point of view. This is reflected in its way to deal with authoritative change. Change the board can be characterized as an orderly way to deal with managing change, both from the point of view of an association and on the individual level. A fairly vague term, change the board has at any rate three distinct viewpoints, including: adjusting to change, controlling change, and affecting change. A proactive way to deal with managing change is at the center of every one of the three angles. For an association, change the board implies characterizing and executing systems or potentially advancements to manage changes in the business condition and to benefit from evolving openings. Dumb (2000) states that change is an important malicious and all association experience change at once or another if not persistently. Associations for the most part change in light of political, practical, social, mechanical and lawful powers. There are four distinct kinds of progress that an association can embrace, they are mechanical change, new item based change, auxiliary change, and social change. As per Bass (1985) effective adjustment to change is as urgent inside an association all things considered in the characteristic world. Much the same as plants and creatures, associations and the people in them definitely experience changing conditions that they are frail to control. The more viably you manage change, the more probable you are to flourish. Adjustment may include building up an organized philosophy for reacting to changes in the business condition, (for example, a variance in the economy, or a danger from a contender) or setting up ways of dealing with stress for reacting to changes in the work environment, (for example, new approaches, or innovations). 2.2 RESISTANCE FOR CHANGE Numerous creators (Lawrence, 1954; Maurer, 1996; Strebel, 1994; Waddell and Sohal, 1998, among others) stress that the explanations behind the disappointment of many change activities can be found in protection from change. Protection from change brings expenses and deferrals into the change procedure (Ansoffs, 1990) that are hard to envision (Lorenzo, 2000) however should be contemplated. Opposition has additionally been considered as a wellspring of data, being valuable in figuring out how to build up an increasingly effective change process (Beer and Eisenstat, 1996; Goldstein, 1988; Lawrence, 1954; Piderit, 2000; Waddell and Sohal, 1998). Without a doubt, protection from change is a key subject in change the executives and ought to be truly considered to assist the association with achieving the upsides of the change. To oversee obstruction change viably, the accompanying techniques could be utilized: Correspondence and Education: This is by a wide margin one of the best execution strategies that can be utilized by an association. Correspondence is utilized when strong data is required to guarantee that workers get tied up with the procedure and instruction ought to consistently be utilized when the change relates to the presentation of another innovation or item or administration (Bunker and Alban, 1992). Investment: This will help with the smooth progress from the pre change stage to the post change stage and on the off chance that workers were urged to partake in the change commencement stage, at that point the vast majority of the issues that can happen when the change is executed could be wiped out as the issues and issues may have been distinguished and explained in the inception procedure (Buller, 1988). Arrangement: This can be utilized when there is serious obstruction and the executives needs to offer the plan to the representatives. Top Management: The noticeable help of top administration to the change procedure can help decrease and take out obstruction (Daft, 1982). 3.0 IMPLEMENTING CHANGE IN VIRGIN GROUP One of the biggest inward change moves by the Virgin Group, was when Sir Richard Branson, got disappointed by the open postings, commitments and corporate administration of a publically recorded association, he looked for after to returning the association to private possession (Johnson, G Scholes J 2004). This was from the way of thinking that swearing off momentary benefits for long haul development is the path forward (www.virgin.com). This possibility approach of the Virgin Group is framed from the business prerequisites, and the structure (which will take the state of what is expected to work inside the change condition) as this has a significant bearing on the general authoritative exhibition (Burnes, B. 2000). The structure of the Virgin Group and its achievements, are unexpected the natural impacts. Accordingly by changing the structure, this is an inward driver of progress in response to the outer markets (Mullins, L 2005). With the adjustment in the posting of the association, came the decrease in hierarchical organization. The requirement for organization and a various leveled structure in the Virgin Group was decreased extraordinarily (Johnson, G Scholes J 2004). Accordingly Sir Richard Branson accepted a hands-off position, with the directors, urging them to utilize their drive, aptitudes and encounters (www.virgin.com). This change to the hierarchical structure has prompted a partition of the representatives, through now working in explicit gatherings or parts of the business. The assortment in areas that the Virgin Group works, and the wide scope of administrations and merchandise they offer has prompted divisions in the work power. In this way they are not a concentrated group; a few divisions could work in an isolated way, which is more difficult than one might expect to change, without modifying the structure (Burnes, B. 2000). A portion of the inward drives of progress the Virgin Group confronted with, were the few layers of administrators, which can hinder the administration detailing frameworks and their response to circumstances they are confronted with. With the contemporary condition, this is negative to change and will hinder the inside administration process (Burnes, B. 2000). There have been inward issues since the basic change, with correspondence over the gathering and this was especially observable in the center and lower levels of workers. They were not accepting enough data on the proposed changes, leaving them unfit to educate representatives on the hierarchical changes (Johnson, G Scholes J 2004). The hierarchical structure of the Virgin Group is a gathering de-concentrated; this could support storehouse conduct, from the diverse business groups and the various areas in which they work. There is a characteristic competiveness among gatherings, and working under this structure can energize serious conduct between them (Johnson, G Scholes J 2004). To empower the Virgin association filling in as a gathering, and to diminish storehouse conduct brought about by the auxiliary change they began utilizing a solitary web address, Virgin.com, for the entire of the association clients has access to all the Virgin administrations under an independent entrance. These systems help with supporting the authoritative child rearing procedure and improve the collaborations effectively imitative from the hierarchical marking of the Virgin Group (www.virgin.com). Virgin Atlantic assistance is a lot of client concentrated with a conspicuousness on esteem for cash, quality, fun and development. The association is 51% possessed by the Virgin Group and 49% claimed by Singapore Airlines, and workers more than 9000 individuals (www.virgin.com). This change has prompted two interior parent associations, yet with Virgin holding the lion's share. Changes to associations are nearly at a plague status, diminishing the associations control of the outer condition. All associations are confronted with relentless change; this is in their operational condition and the hierarchical setting. In the advanced authoritative circumstance, there is huge att

Patient and Professional Development Assignment Essay

There is impressive proof that a significant number of the new clinical advancements are utilized improperly, to produce salary. What persistent securities against wrong indicative and different strategies ought to be thought of? There is no uncertainty that the new demonstrative and restorative innovation now accessible has immensely extended the financial elements of medication, there is proof that new and costly advances are being utilized improperly to create salary. One case of this announcement would be the utilization of attractive reverberation imaging or MRIs. The prominence of this testing has soar and has thusly been seen as truly beneficial for medical clinics and outpatient offices. In spite of the dipping fame and blasting money related lift this testing has been found not to have changed patient results. The testing gives suppliers an unmistakable glance at the infection or life systems being filtered there are no controlled examinations of analytic precision or changes in clinical or remedial consideration for patients (Sultz and Young, 2011). Thusly this new and inventive testing just adds to the expense of the as of now appallingly high dollar of human services. Doctors currently have numerous decisions to make and numerous chances to create pay using these and a lot progressively new advances both in the workplace and medical clinic settings. The issue is that clinical signs for the utilization of a great part of the new innovation are not unequivocally causing issues and helpless impact by monetary elements. The scope of satisfactory choices in a given case is regularly wide enough to give the supplier extensive scope in his/her selection of systems. It is in this hazy area that financial motivations have their most noteworthy impact on clinical conduct (Relman,â 2011). I don't accept that suppliers settle on choices dependent on financial thought and result that they would not choose something else. I accept with my entire existence that generally suppliers do things most of an opportunity to do directly by the patient and the wallet. The issue is, be that as it may, â€Å"the right thing† is frequently a matter of assessment in l ight of the fact that numerous tests, methodology, and tasks have not yet been completely assessed or deductively contrasted and other accessible measures for cost adequacy. Is it conceivable however weight of monetary preferred position frequently influences those great hearted suppliers or is it essentially to assuage or fulfill patients? To develop mollification or fulfillment or patients I will utilize my subject matter. I have worked in the zone of women’s wellbeing the greater part of my profession so however I am certain there are different territories of strength with patients, for example, our own I can just state from genuine experience this is an exceptionally high-looked after populace. This is a media shrewd, gadget driven; persistent populace that frequently needs â€Å"drive-thru† administration. The issues I see to frequently are the requesting of tests, labs, methodology that might be superfluous or cause more prominent outcome. There are high-innovation screenings for each atypical cell we might have on a female conceptive organ. When a pre-menopausal ladies with overwhelming draining hears that she may have a positive out come she needs a hysterectomy. In spite of the fact that this might be the treatment for a few, it isn't for all and I see such a large number of ladies free their uterus for reasons that were considerably more generous than the result. Being in medicinal services for such a large number of years I could give a great many instances of new high innovation that might be utilized improperly for reasons that could be creating salary, yet done just to assist the patient and their fulfillment. Tolerant fulfillment brings an entirely different subject of discussion to producing pay. So how might we shield patients from conceivably themselves or those that give the requesting power that starts this endless loop? I think first we need to order offices and practices to set up rules and conventions to stop pointless testing that has been demonstrated not to change the patient result. Another intercession and insurance to patients is that suppliers must have discussions with patients actually about what the issue is and that they needn't bother with specific testing whenever requested. They have to keep it genuine with patients. The facts demonstrate that persistent fulfillment will be at jeopardyâ and that they might need to hop suppliers, however suppliers and offices should truly take a gander at the hazard advantage of doing systems that won't weigh up in an official courtroom or a court of popular supposition. Despite nursing’s crucial significance to medical clinics, attendants face over the top administrative work, administrative duties, and management of lesser-prepared associates †errands that require an exorbitant measure of time spent in capacities other than direct patient consideration. These disappointments, joined with long work hours, stale pay rates, and different troubles, have brought about less participants to schools of nursing and expanding quantities of attendants leaving the calling. Talk about potential answers for this developing issue. Do suppliers in the medicinal services framework perceive a more extensive social crucial tending to the requirements of just those people who accomplish access to their administrations? Expound. Relman, A. (2011). Cost control, doctors’ morals, and patient consideration. Recovered from http://www.issues.org/19.4/refreshed/relman.pdf.

September 2018 Horoscopes and Book Recommendations

September 2018 Horoscopes and Book Recommendations Welcome to Book Riot’s September 2018 Horoscopes and Book Recommendations! Find your astrological sign below for your September horoscope, perfectly paired with a newly released book. Aries (March 21-April 19) Your success in September will be dependent on your ability to play well with others. You prefer to take the lead in your professional and personal life, and that often serves you well. But this month, you’ll see more success if you can let go of the reins and focus on collaboration. Your social connections will also introduce you to interesting new people and opportunities this month. Check out We Fed an Island: The True Story of Rebuilding Puerto Rico, One Meal at a Time by celebrity chef José Andrés, with a foreword from Lin-Manuel Miranda. Andrés tells the story of group of chefs who fed hundreds of thousands in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria, and discusses the failure of the U.S. government to respond to a humanitarian crisis. Taurus (April 20-May 20) September may be a tough month for you, Taurus. Finances are tight, love relationships are rocky, and your loved ones are asking for a lot of your time and energy to resolve their problems. You might feel like you aren’t able to get anything done. The good news from the stars is that you’re in good health this month, and you might find success if you’re looking for a new job. Hang in there! Read Housegirl (Aug. 28, Picador) by Michael Donkor, a coming-of-age novel that explores friendship, identity, and secrets. When rule following housegirl Belinda is pulled from her home in Ghana to provide a good influence for the daughter of wealthy immigrants in London, the two form an unlikely friendship. Gemini (May 21-June 20) As an adaptable Gemini, you’re capable of playing many roles in your workplace and personal relationships. This month, the best role you can play is that of a cheerleader to your colleagues and loved ones. Be supportive of your friends’ endeavors, and offer a helping hand. They’ll pay it back when you need it down the road. September may also bring new romantic opportunities for single Geminis. You might enjoy The Personality Brokers: The Strange History of Myers-Briggs and the Birth of Personality Testing (Sept. 11, Doubleday) by Merve Emre. It tells the weird, true story of a mother and daughter, both novelists turned amateur psychoanalysts, who created the most popular personality test in the world. Cancer (June 21-July 22) Ok, I’ll give you the bad news and then the good news for September. It will be a hard month for Cancers to make any big decisions or changes. You’ll find yourself at many crossroads, conflicted about which path to take. Avoid making any choices with big consequences in September if you can. The good news is that September will be a great financial month for you, with money coming in from sales, family contacts, or new ventures. Spend wisely! I recommend The Seclusion (Sept. 4, Inkshares) by Jacqui Castle, a dystopian novel set in 2090 when the U.S. has walled itself off on the northern and southern border. When a young woman’s father is arrested by the totalitarian government, she sets out to escape the country and find the truth about the past. Leo (July 23-August 22) Luck is on your side this month, Leo. New projects at work will be successful, travel opportunities will come your way, and investments may pay off. Unfortunately, you won’t be so lucky in love in September. Romantic relationships may be rocky, and single Leos aren’t likely to find new partners. Embrace the other aspects of your life going well, and save new romance for another day. Read a book of narrative nonfiction like The Dinosaur Artist: Obsession, Betrayal, and the Quest for Earths Ultimate Trophy (Sept. 11, Hachette Books) by Paige Williams. By examining the wild world of fossil collection and the strange case of one Mongolian dinosaur skeleton, Williams questions who really owns the past. Virgo (August 23-September 22) Happy Birthday, Virgo! This month will be about appreciating the little things for you. Spend quality time with your loved ones or pick up an abandoned hobby. You’re in great health in September, so get some exercise and spend some time in nature. Don’t get upset about things outside of your control. Instead, bask in the things that bring you joy. Check out a book in a fresh and exciting genre youve been wanting to explore. I recommend A Spark of White Fire (Sept. 11, Sky Pony Press) by Sangu Mandanna, a captivating space opera featuring capricious gods, a cursed queen, and badass heroine. Libra (September 23-October 22) You spend a lot of time caring for your loved ones, but September is a month to focus on you. Treat yourself to a nice meal, a new outfit, or a relaxing vacation. Your career won’t need all of your attention this month, so it’s a good time for some self care or a little time off. It’s also a great month for romantic relationships new and old. Your charm will take you far this month! You might enjoy reading a poetry collection in September. Try  Citizen Illegal (Sept. 4, Haymarket Books) by José Olivarez. It’s an emotional and vivid portrayal of life in the space between Mexico and the U.S., full of sorrow, joy, and complex identities. Scorpio (October 23-November 21) You’re on fire this month, Scorpio! You’ve got a ton of energy and big ideas for how to use it. With some hard work and your intuition, you can accomplish a lot in September. Be patient and avoid aggression if others don’t live up to your standards, though. You have high expectations, and not everyone can keep up with your pace. With all of your energy, it’s a great month to pick up an active hobby or new sport. Read The Impossible Girl (Sept. 18, Lake Union) by Lydia Kang, a mystery novel set in 1850s Manhattan. Cora Lee has a gift for acquiring unusual corpses for anatomists and curious members of the public. When word gets out the Cora was born with two hearts, some of her clients won’t wait until she dies of natural causes to get a closer look. Sagittarius (November 22-December 21) Your leadership and hard work in your professional life will be recognized this month, Sagittarius. New projects will have a lot of momentum, and your extra efforts in the office may lead to a promotion or raise. Unfortunately, your extra energy spent at work may cause you to neglect your health or your personal relationships. Build in some time for rest and relaxation after the 23rd. I recommend She Would Be King (Sept. 11, Graywolf Press) by Wayétu Moore, a mythical retelling of the formation of Liberia. Three fascinating and magical characters must use their powers to balance the relationship between American colonists and Liberias indigenous tribes. Capricorn (December 22-January 19) September will be all about ambition for Capricorns. Do you have a past project or idea that you never got to follow through? This is a great month to dust off your old plans and give them a second chance. Personal growth and learning will help you reach your professional goals. It’s also a good time for international travel if the opportunity presents itself. If you can’t travel, seek out new opportunities near home. Read a book set in far off (or futuristic) places, like Mirage (Aug. 28, Flatiron Books) by Somaiya Daud. On a distant planet dominated by a violent empire, young Amani is kidnapped and forced to stand in as a body double for a hated princess. Aquarius (January 20-February 18) This will be a month of reflection for you, Aquarius. You have questions about where your choices earlier in the year have led you, and you’ve got the perspective to reevaluate. Philosophy or spirituality may provide some clarity for you. You can also turn to a close mentor or older relative for advice. Use your personal reflection and deep conversations to set up a plan for the rest of the year. You might enjoy On the Other Side of Freedom (Sept. 4, Viking) by activist and Black Lives Matter organizer DeRay Mckesson. It’s a powerful essay collection that is part memoir, part philosophy, and part how-to guide for political activism. Pisces (February 19-March 20) September will bring some turmoil in your life. Colleagues may pull you into personal drama, so try to keep the peace and be prepared to draw boundaries where necessary. Finances are tough this month as well, so limit excess spending if possible. Luckily, turmoil in romantic relationships may ultimately bring some excitement and happiness. Embrace the chaos and it may work in your favor. Read a fast-paced thriller, like When the Lights Go Out (Sept. 4, Park Row) by Mary Kubica. Jessie has led a quiet life taking care of her terminally ill mother. When she decides to change direction and apply to college, a red flag from her social security number unearths a mystery that causes her to question her identity. We hope you enjoyed your September 2018 Horoscopes and Book Recommendations! Looking for more? Check out your suggestions for  June, July, and August!

The French Revolution A Complete History Essay - 1360 Words

The author David Andress wrote â€Å"The French Revolution A Complete History?† in an article for History Today. He begins by stating that the French Revolution is what you decide to believe. However, the events of the French Revolution are important to understand modern politics. The participants of the French Revolution had different viewpoints that would lead to a chaotic time in world history. The thesis of the paper and main arguments attempt to show that The French Revolution was a course of history in which each group of people try to fight for their ideas, but did nothing more than to establish a temporary ascendancy of one perspective leading to a time of fragmentation in France. The cause of the French Revolution is the result of French leaning towards bankruptcy. The common people resentment toward the nobility is a direct result of fiscal situations. A major event like the restoration of the parlements in France was the direct result of the looming bankruptcy. Andr ess has a quote in the article called What is the Third Estate that states that â€Å"The Third Estate was everything and nothing and, in comparison the privileged were a ‘malignat tumour’ in the body politic† (Andress 23). The common people, known as the Third Estate, were tired of the nobility’s privileges of paying fewer taxes and exhausting funds of the state. Along with the burden of taxes on the Third Estate, the harsh winters starting in 1788 lead to poor harvests causing economic disasters. These actionsShow MoreRelatedThe French Revolution A Complete History? Essay1399 Words   |  6 PagesAndress wrote the article â€Å"The French Revolution A Complete History?† for History Today. He begins by stating that the French Revolution is what you decide to believe. However, the events of the French Revolution are important to understand modern politics. The participants of the French Revolution had different viewpoints that led to a chaotic time in world history. The thesis of the paper and main arguments attempt to show that The French Revolution was a course of history in which each group of peopleRead MoreThe Revolutionary War : Wim Klooster s Book Revolutions1114 Words   |  5 Pages Wim Klooster’s book Revolutions in the Atlantic World expresses the deep roots of the revolutionary war period throughout various locations and circumstances. He strives to express the causes, effects, and the political civil war which caused the great uproar in the once colonial lands. This shift in history is noted in Klooster’s book and expanded upon in his chapter entitled â€Å"The Revolution’s Compared.† He notes the various commonalities between the American, French, Haitian, and Spanish AmericanRead MoreThe Rise Of The Revolution1063 Words   |  5 PagesMany revolutions have taken place throughout human history. Conflict is almost inevitable, as human beings have had a tendency to thirst for power since the beginnings of civilization. With the rise of monarchies, the â€Å"divine right of kings†, and social caste systems, disgruntlement with the government from subjected citizens is probable. A mean for substantial and exponential chang es to the â€Å"system† is by way of revolution. Revolutionaries often are victims of suffering and hardships, imposed uponRead MoreThe French Revolution890 Words   |  4 Pagesas an â€Å"introduction to the French Revolution† by acquainting â€Å"the reader with the most important events, the prominent people, and the essential terms (xvi).† In her introduction, Neely discusses how the Revolution is still a hot-topic discussion amongst French-people and even how at the Bicentennial, there was still no definitive answers as to the â€Å"how† and â€Å"why† of the Revolution. Neely’s text is a great supportive source for a typical undergraduate French Revolution survey course. Neely utilizesRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution Of The Late 1700 S1280 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Revolution, along with many revolutions occurring throughout Central America, were all directly inspired by the French Revolution of the late 17 00’s. Evidence of this can be seen simply by looking back at world history. History shows that many philosophies of the American Revolution were actually ideas that either closely parallel or are directly taken from the writing of various French scholars, such as Voltaire and The Baron De Montesquieu. The very essence of American politics, DemocracyRead MoreWomen in the French Revolution714 Words   |  3 Pagesfraternity, or death†, a chant that would have been heard in the streets of Paris during the French Revolution (Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities). The French Revolution started in 1789 and came to a complete end in 1799; it was a turning point for the majority of France, the commoners, who were pressured by the aristocracy. Women during this time had little to no rights, but were very involved in the Revolution. They handled necessary duties for women at that time as well as staging demonstrationsRead MoreThe French Revolution Of France1365 Words   |   6 PagesModern historians frequently write that the French Revolution was designed to destroy the Old Regime of France. Though the French Revolution did destroy this regime, its leaders’ ultimate goal was to obliterate the Catholic Church in France and the faithful within it. Before the beginning of the revolution, France had the most widespread culture in the entire world. From its fine arts, stylishness, clothing, and language, everything that was popular in France was also prevalent all over the worldRead MoreNationalism Of Nationalism1186 Words   |  5 Pagescourse of history nationalism has led many groups of people to seek independence and start a revolution because people may believe their country or group is superior to another or deserve more than what the ruling country is offering them. For example, Haiti. During the Haitian revolution which took place between 1791-1804 where slaves rose up to fight for their freedom. In 1791, taking advantage of divisions among c olonial rulers created by the roiling French Revolution, slaves on the French CaribbeanRead MoreFrench Revolution vs American Revolution1534 Words   |  7 PagesLeanette Estrada Ms. Sharpe AP World History CC Essay 2/26/13 CC Essay French and American Revolution Both the American and French revolutions were focused on liberty and equality. America was trying to gain freedom from the rules, unfair taxation, War debt, and lack of representation from the British. The French Revolution on the other hand wanted to abolish the French monarchy and create a better government in which people could have more of a say in society, and also had similarRead MoreThe French Revolution And The American Revolution1592 Words   |  7 PagesThe French Revolution is often recognized as one of the most significant events in French history. The revolution was caused by a series of events leading to uproar from the French people demanding change. The main factors causing the french revolution are: debt from previous wars leading to the financial crisis, resentment of the nobility, influence of enlightenment ideas, a series of bad harvests and a weak monarch. These issues, along with the increased desire for equality among the french people

Essay about Toni Morrisons The Bluest Eye - Female...

Female Childhood Icons in Morrisons The Bluest Eye In The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison weaves stories of violation and hardship to examine the ugliness that racism produces. In this novel, the childhood icons of white culture are negative representations instrumental in engendering internalized racism. For the black child in a racist, white culture, these icons are never innocent. Embodying the ideals of white beauty, they expose the basis for Claudias bewilderment at why she is not attractive and Pecolas desperate desire for beauty. They nourish neither innocent desire, nor the need for acceptance, but denigrate the very idea of blackness. The worship of ideal white beauty, by adults as well as by children, coalesces into a†¦show more content†¦Appearing on screen with male and female, African-American actors, Shirley Temple also symbolizes the directed energy of African-American adults toward the care of white children. Subservient to her needs, and trapped in the stereotyped roles available to them, the adult actors who appe ared as her caretakers often appeared to be childish, rather than childlike, a demeaning position, especially when contrasted with the simulated adult behavior exhibited on screen by Shirley Temple. She keeps them in their place partly by imitating Little Eva, the wise and noble, white child of Uncle Toms Cabin, and partly by her mere presence on screen. As a representation of Little Eva, Shirley Temple characterizes the saintliness of the good child, a saintliness worthy of glorified attention and near worship. If we think of Shirley Temple as Little Eva, then we might also visualize her companions as Uncle Tom or Aunt Chloe, who love their own children, but in embracing the conditions of slavery, willingly put the welfare of white children above their own. On screen, the presence of Shirley Temple as a white child signifies the neglect of the African-American child. For Claudia, Shirley Temple represents her own absence in the attention of her family. Claudia hates Shirley Temple, Not because she was cute, but because she danced with Bojangles, who was my friend, my uncle, my daddy, and whoShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Scientific Racism on Black Women Essay5776 Words   |  24 PagesBlack adolescent girl who is sexually abused by her stepfather. By writing letters to God and forming supportive relationships with other Black women, Celie finds her own voice, and her voice enables her to transcend the fear and silence of her childhood. By creating Celie and giving her the language to tell of her sexual abuse, Walker adds Celies voice to muted yet growing discussions of the sexual politics of Black womanhood in Black feminist thought. Black feminists have investigated how rape

Impact of Advertising on Consumer Buyer Behaviour Free Essays

Introduction Advertising used properly is a major tool in the hands of marketing managers which helps enable them to sell products, services and ideas. The idea is to sell products to the consumers. This has been proved by the fact that companies are investing a lot of time and resources into developing ad campaigns for their products Advertising has gone through many phases. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Advertising on Consumer Buyer Behaviour or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first era was production-oriented. Here mass production was seen as a means to selling products by pumping in huge volumes into the market place. As a result demand exceeded supply; hence there was no need to advertise products (Holt, D,1983). They sold themselves. However with the passing of time and due to rising competition, surplus goods were available. As a result of this companies were required to sell their products using a sales oriented mechanism. This typically involved pitching in their products, highlighting their USP’s, so as to convince customers to buy their products rather than their competitors. As a result products became de linked to the volumes in which they were being produce (Belk, Russell.1974). To better approach the problem of selling companies tried many techniques. These techniques combined with the support activities of marketing can be called as advertising. Advertising has been considered important since the time when trade started, then was the time for advertising by mouth, now we have different media platforms for the same purpose. But still the traditional word of mouth holds the best appeal in respect to all advertising platforms. In its initial phases advertising was limited in both time and space. Broadcast commercials are generally 10 to 60 seconds in length. Print ads are generally no larger than two pages, and often much smaller. Advertising therefore needed to do its job in an effective manner. Its primary tasks were to capture the consumer’s attention, identify itself as being aimed at meeting the needs of that consumer, identifying the product, and delivering the selling message. Elements of marketing Marketing generally consist of advertisements to the target audience. This is in the form of: 1. Copy This consists of words, either spoken or printed that carry a message thereby helping the reader to form an opinion about the subject. 2. Illustrations Copies can be augmented with the use of pictures, photographs or diagrams. The aim here is to convince the reader to buy the product. Most ads have a mixture of copy and illustration, in size and scope, depending upon how the advertiser wants to convey his sales message. It also depends upon the nature of advertising and the budget for advertising. How sales messages are presented through Advertisements There are two basic ways of presenting a sales message: intellectually and emotionally. An intellectual presentation depends on logical, rational argument so as to convince a consumer to buy the product or service. For example, for many television purchasers, buying doesn’t depend on what the case looks like or what effect the machine might have on their social life. What they’re looking for is technical information, what is its resolution, whether it has HDMI, whether it supports USB functionality. The most important part is that of the sales message. This message must encapsulate all the benefits, features of the product and capture all the unique benefits that a consumer might have if he purchases this product vise vie the competitors product. The second basic way to present a sales message is emotionally. In an emotional presentation, here there is a concentration on other aspects of the consumer’s bundle of values: social, psychological, economic. Here they are clubbed together with core â€Å"bundle of values†. For example, the presentation shows how the product or service enhances the audience’s social life by improving their snob value or self-esteem, or how it will increase their earning power. Behavioral targeting and the psychology of marketing Model for buying behavior: Sandhusen, Richard L.: Marketing (2000, S. 218) Decision making plays a huge role in the purchase behavior of consumers. Behavioral marketing can be used to target consumer segments based on the following parameters: 1. Individual factors These include intrinsic factors such as personality, lifestyle, age and income of the individual. 2. Group Influencers These include all those factors that inadvertently help an individual identify himself with a certain class or standing in the society. These could include peer groups, friends, family and culture. 3. Physical environment Factors such as geographical proximity, location climate etc, which vary from place to place. The study of consumers helps firms and organizations improve their marketing strategies by understanding issues such as how Consumers think, feel, reason, and select between different alternatives i.e. brands, products, and retailers. The behavior of consumers while shopping or making other marketing decisions. Limitations in consumer knowledge or information processing abilities influence decisions and marketing outcome. How consumer motivation and decision strategies differ between products that differ in their level of importance or interest that they entail for the consumer How marketers can adapt and improve their marketing campaigns and marketing strategies to more effectively reach the consumer Research on factors affecting Consumer Behavior Based on P. Kotler’s framework for consumer buying process The advent of technology has helped us in mapping the factors that influence consumer buying behavior. These can be grouped as: What brand in a given product category was bought during the last, or a series of past, purchase occasions Whether, and if so, how many times a consumer has seen an ad for the brand in question Whether the target brand is on sale during the store visit Whether any brand had preferential display space The impact of income and/or family size on purchase patterns Relationship marketing has come up in a big way in influencing consumer behavior. Relationship managers have come to symbolize the increasingly blurred line between marketing and selling by establishing a purchase-exchange process with a by providing a more holistic, personalized purchase, and uses the experience to create stronger ties (Young, Charles E,2002). Other major factor that contributes in consumer buying behavior is: Market segmentation A market segment is a sub-set of a market made up of people or organizations with one or more characteristics that cause them to demand similar product and/or services based on qualities of those products such as price or function. A true market segment meets all of the following criteria: it is distinct from other segments (different segments have different needs) (P. Kotler, 2003), it is homogeneous within the segment (exhibits common needs); it responds similarly to a market stimulus, and it can be reached by a market intervention. Models used for influencing Consumer Behavior Advertising models used for co relating consumer buying behavior and advertising use the following variables as part of their studies. Depending on the type of model used, these variables are assigned different weight ages, which are ultimately used to compute the final result. StageDependent variable of interestTypical model used for research Need ArousalPurchase (category choice) Purchase timingBinary choice modelsInformation Awareness (aided/ unaided) Consideration revoked set Choice set Belief dynamicsIndividual awareness models Consideration modelsEvaluationProduct perceptions Product preferencesPerceptual mapping/ multidimensional scaling model Attitude models: Compensatory Non-compensatoryPurchaseBrand choice Store choice Quantity choiceDiscrete choice models Hierarchical modelsPost PurchaseBrand satisfaction/satiation Word-of-mouthSatisfaction models Variety-seeking models Communications network From John H. Roberts and Gary L. Lilien: Explanatory and Predictive Models of Consumer Behavior The most common of the models listed above consist of the following: 1. Preference formulation basis Beliefs about products (perceptions) can be measured directly by asking consumers how much of a feature they perceive a certain product to contain, or they can be inferred, by asking consumers how similar certain products are and then inferring what discriminates between different products (Bass, Frank M, 1973). Here the strategy is to align the consumer preferences with that which is being offered by the company. 2. Compensatory/ Evaluation model In a compensatory model, the weakness of a brand or product on one dimension can be compensated for by strength on another, and those strengths or weaknesses are combined to determine an attitude toward the brand (Bhagat and Jagdish N. Sheth 1974). In non-compensatory models, usually only a small number of attributes (two or three. say) are wed to evaluate a brand, and shortcomings on one attribute cannot be overcome by favorable levels of another. Here products are complemented against one another so as to augments each other’s strengths and cancel out their weaknesses. 3. Model of awareness Once a consumer recognizes a need, he enters a state of heightened awareness in which he seeks more information about brands or products that could satisfy that need. Evaluation and brand choice take place based on the information resulting from this search. Here the main goal is to make the maximum number of target audience aware about the product and its offerings. 4. Satisfaction models The modeling of consumer satisfaction is based on the confirmation / disconfirmation paradigm. Confirmation occurs when the consumer’s perception of how the product performs after purchase matches the expectation the consumer had prior to purchase. Positive disconfirmation occurs when product performance exceeds expectations; negative expectations occur when the product falls below expectations (Stuart, Ewen, 2005). Here we try to find out if the product is fulfilling the need gap perceived by the customer and what is offered by the company in the form of its product offering. 5. Brand Attitudinal model The model proposed attempts to predict behavioral intention toward a particular brand within a product class across situations. The situational variables included consider the conditions necessary for a particular situation to affect the choice of a particular brand. The individual must first encounter the situation and then the product must be suitable for use in that particular situation. If these conditions are met, the likelihood of the individual using a particular brand in a situation can be assessed. Here emphasis is given to the consumer preference or non-preference of a certain brand, compared to its competitors 6. Innovation diffusion model Diffusion is the process by which a new idea or new product is accepted by the market. The rate of diffusion is the speed that the new idea spreads from one consumer to the next. Adoption is similar to diffusion except that it deals with the psychological processes an individual goes through, rather than an aggregate market process. In economics it is more often named â€Å"technological change† Conclusion In a field as vast and diffuse as that of consumer behavior and consumer markets, it is difficult to develop a single best synthesis. We have drawn from developments in the literature of the behavioral sciences, economics, marketing, statistics, and the like and have categorized according to the stage or stages in the decision process to which those developments appear most applicable. Previous models overlap these processes and stages but this integrating framework provides a useful way of organizing this large, diverse literature. Most of the models and theories postulated above have been able to identify many cognitive, intensive and psychological factors which eventually go into the buying process for any individual. These are such as Purchase Awareness, Belief dynamics, Product perceptions, Product preferences, Brand choice, Store choice and Quantity choice. The future of consumer behavior modeling is bright; newer models are richer, more flexible, and more closely attuned to modern data sources. Yet many phenomena are poorly model at the moment. Many modern areas such as modeling consumer purchase heuristics, modeling consumers psychological processes, matching models to market segment, and modeling preferences can serve as fruitful areas that deserve intensive attention in the future. And so we can say with far more probability and accuracy that advertising do affect consumer behavior and also helps us to register our brand in their subconscious or conscious minds thereby helping the organization boost sales. References Bass, Frank M. â€Å"The Theory of Stochastic Preference and Brand Switching,† Journal of Marketing Research, 11 (February 1974), 1-20. Belk, Russell W. â€Å"An Exploratory Assessment of Situational Effects in E, Behavior,† Journal of Marketing Research, 11 (May 1974), 156-163. Belk, Russell W. â€Å"The Objective Situation as a Determinant of Consumer Behavior,† Proceedings. Fifth Annual Conference, Association of Consumer Research, Chicago, 1974, forthcoming. Bhagat, Rabi S., P.S. Raju, and Jagdish N. Sheth (1974), â€Å"The Prediction of Buying Intentions: A Comparative Study of the Predictive Efficacy â€Å"Attitudinal Models,† New Orleans, Louisiana. Clark, Eric, â€Å"The Want Makers†, Viking, 1988 Young, Charles E., The Advertising Handbook, Ideas in Flight, Seattle, WA April 2005 Holt, D. (2002) â€Å"Why Brands Cause TroubleA dialectical theory of Consumer Culture and Branding† in Journal of Consumer Research, June 2002 Lees, Loretta, (1998) â€Å"Urban Renaissance and the Street† in Nicholas R. Stuart, Ewen., (2005) Captains of Consciousness: Advertising and the Social Roots of the Consumer Culture, Basic Books Williamson, Judith (1994): Decoding Advertisements (Ideas in Progress), Marion Boyars Publishers Ltd Wernick, Andrew (1991) â€Å"Promotional Culture: Advertising, Ideology and Symbolic Expression Klein, Naomi. (2000) No Logo: Taking Aim at the Brand Bullies. New York: Picador Duane C. S. and Nerone, John C, (2007) Freedom from Advertising Cook, Guy (2001 2nd edition) â€Å"The Discourse of Advertising†, London: Routledge Graydon, Shari (2003) â€Å"Made You Look – How Advertising Works and Why You Should Know†, Toronto: Annick Press How to cite Impact of Advertising on Consumer Buyer Behaviour, Essay examples

Treaty Of Versailles Essays - Military History By Country

Treaty Of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles was intended to be a peace agreement between the Allies and the Germans instead it created political and economic chaos in Germany. By the end of the first World War, Germany had surrendered and signed a peace agreement. The task of forming a peace agreement was now in the hands of the Allies. In December of 1918, the Allies met in Versailles to start on the peace settlement. The main countries and their representatives were: The United States, Woodrow Wilson; Great Britain, David Lloyd George; and France, George Clemenceau. It had seemed that making peace agreement would be easy. Once they started, the Allies began having different ideas about the wording of the Treaty of Versailles. The Allies found themselves in another battle. The Peace Treaty of Versailles represented the results of hostility and revenge and opened the door for a dictator and World War II. When World War I began there was no question that the United States would remain neutral. ?The United States, President Woodrow Wilson didn't want to enter the European War or any other war for that matter. (Watt, 439) As the war continued, it became obvious that the United States would no longer sit on the sidelines. ?German submarines had sunk American tankers and the British liner, Lusitania, killing almost twelve hundred people, including 128 Americans.?(Watt, 400) This convinced Wilson to enter World War I, on the allied side. As the war continued, Wilson outlined his peace program, which was based on fourteen main points. Wilson was more interested in peace than capturing German colonies. As the Allies began discussions of the peace treaty, the European allies rejected Wilson's ideas and reasoning. Soon the allies were seeking revenge and Germany was to be hurt economically and socially by its enemies. Britain and Germany were always rivals. Before the war, Germany challenged Britain's famous powerful and unstoppable navy by increasing the amount of money spent on their navy. Britain paid thirty-six percent of the debt incurred by the allies and seventeen percent of the war's total casualties. After the war, Britain faced tough economic problems. Their exports were at an all time low due to outdated factories, high tariffs, and competition from other countries. Britain suffered from high unemployment, which affected the well being of the country. The Treaty of Versailles would provide an opportunity to seek revenge for their losses. They also wanted German colonies in Africa. As Britain, France had a rivalry with Germany but the French's ill feelings were even more intensive. Nationalism created tensions between France and Germany. The French resented their defeat in the Franco - Prussian War and wanted revenge. France was determined to take Alsace ? Lorraine. This gave the French the motivation of increasing their military strength and ultimately, destroying their life-long enemies. After the war, France suffered terribly, economically. Inflation and a deflated French Franc encouraged the French to take advantage of the peace settlement. France wanted revenge as well as security against any future German attack. France also wanted a huge amount of reparations, and the return of Alsace ? Lorraine. All the leaders had different opinions and motives regarding the Treaty of Versailles. Coming to an understanding was difficult. The Treaty had to be revised several times before the final copy was signed on January 18, 1919. There was scarcely a section of the treaty which was not attacked, just as there was scarcely a section of the treaty which was not attacked.(Watt, 110) The German's did not want to agree to such harsh terms. France and Britain wanted revenge on Germany but wanted each other's benefits. Clemenceau pointed out that the British were making no effort to placate the Germans at the expense of British interests. They offered no proposals to reduce the number of German ships to be handed over, or to return Germany's colonies, or to restore the German Navy, or to remove the restrictions on Germany's overseas trade. Instead, it was always at the expense of French interest that concessions were to be made. Wilson thought both France and Britain were being too mean and unr easonable. The allies used Wilson's Fourteen Points program to convince Germany to sign an armistice.